AirShaper

Part 1 of this interview: https://youtu.be/BUkaejkHRn8

For more videos on motorbike aerodynamics:
- Motorbike wheelies: https://youtu.be/M2Z_GuLHmHs
- AMA superbikes: https://youtu.be/qrH_QBOrqbw
- Damon motorcycles - electric motorbikes: https://youtu.be/asYdvFfzHTs


MV Agusta is one of the teams competing in the MOTO GP - moto2 race class. In this interview, technical director Brian Gillen reveals how they blend physical & virtual wind tunnel testing to improve the aerodynamics of their moto2 race bike.

Wind tunnel testing process
Wind tunnel testing is great: you get a lot of empirical data. But there are a number of steps involved before you get there:
- Test definition: set up the goals & methods of the test plan, which sensors to use, which loads to expect, ...
- CAD design: design the parts for the prototype in a 3D CAD package
- Component prototyping: manufacture the components using 3D printing, carbon fiber, CNC machining, ...
- Mounting on a test bike: mount all the components on a frame (which can be the frame of an existing bike)
- Transportation: move all the required people, equipment and the prototype to the wind tunnel.
- Wind tunnel test: execute the wind tunnel test, monitor the forces, log the data, apply different visualization techniques, set different angles of attack, test at multiple speeds, apply tufts, ...
- Post-processing: process the data into a comprehensive report and draw conclusions

Wind tunnel testing advantages and disadvantages
+ Accurate force & moment data
+ Live feedback
- Indirect visualization
- Challenging to find causality

Wind tunnel simulations
- Traditional CFD programs: the time required to prepare a CAD model (close all gaps & holes) and manually set up a simulation is too long compared to the rapid steps of evolution of the bike in the development process. By the time simulation results were in, they were already 3 steps past with the real prototype.
- AirShaper: take a non-closed model and very quickly put it through the CFD algorithms to get back data. This allowed for very fast iterations to understand where they were in terms of fluid dynamics around the bike.

Data validation
For them, as engineers, data means nothing if it is not validated.
They were able to validate the AirShaper data versus data from the wind tunnel test and found an almost complete convergence in terms of forces & moments on the vehicle.

Virtual iterations
That allowed them to build a virtual avatar around the bike as a mirror image of the physical world. From there on, they could dive into the virtual world for an iterative process before going back to the real world, where testing costs a lot of money. Designing, constructing, testing & scrapping prototypes when they do not work is very expensive.

Track testing
On the track, the drivers can test the real performance of the bike and give qualitative & quantitative feedback to the development team (vibrations at certain speeds, wind buffeting affecting visibility, aerodynamic stability, ...). 
Here too, like in the wind tunnel, you need to be able to correlate numbers to sensation. For this to be possible, the rider has to be very lucid & clear in his description of what he's experiencing on the track (what & where is he experiencing an issue) so that this can be matched to data to find a mathematical reason.

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The AirShaper videos cover the basics of aerodynamics (aerodynamic drag, drag & lift coefficients, boundary layer theory, flow separation, reynolds number...), simulation aspects (computational fluid dynamics, CFD meshing, ...) and aerodynamic testing (wind tunnel testing, flow visualization, ...).
We then use those basics to explain the aerodynamics of (race) cars (aerodynamic efficiency of electric vehicles, aerodynamic drag, downforce, aero maps, formula one aerodynamics, ...), drones and airplanes (propellers, airfoils, electric aviation, eVTOLS, ...), motorcycles (wind buffeting, motogp aerodynamics, ...) and more!

For more information, visit www.airshaper.com

Race Talk with MV Agusta - How to Improve Moto GP Aerodynamics

Part 2 of this interview: https://youtu.be/fGNdMaVft_w

For more videos on motorbike aerodynamics:
- Motorbike wheelies: https://youtu.be/M2Z_GuLHmHs
- AMA superbikes: https://youtu.be/qrH_QBOrqbw
- Damon motorcycles - electric motorbikes: https://youtu.be/asYdvFfzHTs


MV Agusta is one of the teams competing in the MOTO GP - moto2 race class. In this interview, technical director Brian Gillen reveals the top priorities when it comes to race bike/motorbike aerodynamics.

Brian Gillen
Brian is originally from Buffalo, New York, America. He grew up in a family that had a multi-line motorcycle dealership for over 40 years, selling Italian motorcycle brands (Ducatti, MV Agusta, ...), Swedish brands (Husqvarna), German brands (Maico), ...
He's now technical director of the R&D group at MV Agusta: engine design/testing, vehicle design/testing, homologation, styling.

Moto 2
MV Agusta joined the moto2 championship in 2019 with an official team with their technical partner FORWARD RACING (www.forward-racing.com). In 9 months time, they designed a completely new bike from the ground up.

MV Agusta had been following the moto2 series and when the new 3-cylinder engine was introduced, this was a good time for them to get on board: they had been competing with a 3-cylinder racebike in the world championship world supersport. They had a good understanding of what makes a motorbike powered by a 3-cylinder engine perform well.

Aerodynamics
To make the difference within the tightly regulated race class (standard electronics, tires, ...) they looked for areas where they could make a difference and aerodynamics was one of them. Main aspects:
- Coefficient of drag: most want to reduce the coefficient of drag to increase the top speed. But the amount of time you spend over an entire lap at top speed, with wide-open throttle and high rpm, is very limited. Even big gains in top speed advantage result in a limited overall lap time advantage.
- How not to benefit your competitor: on a straight line, people try to get in behind you to go faster by drafting.
- Rider comfort: the engine dissipates a lot of heat and in ambient temperature conditions (like in Thailand) this decreases the mental performance of the rider. Keeping the rider cool is very important to keep his/her mental performance high. A better thermal comfort, relative to the competition, is a strong advantage for the rider.
- Wind buffeting: the air coming off the wind screen can be highly turbulent with frequencies around 20Hz for example which can shake the head of the rider. This reduces the focus, reducing the capability to detect the correct braking point. With just hundreds of seconds to decide on when to brake, this is very crucial.


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The AirShaper videos cover the basics of aerodynamics (aerodynamic drag, drag & lift coefficients, boundary layer theory, flow separation, reynolds number...), simulation aspects (computational fluid dynamics, CFD meshing, ...) and aerodynamic testing (wind tunnel testing, flow visualization, ...).

We then use those basics to explain the aerodynamics of (race) cars (aerodynamic efficiency of electric vehicles, aerodynamic drag, downforce, aero maps, formula one aerodynamics, ...), drones and airplanes (propellers, airfoils, electric aviation, eVTOLS, ...), motorcycles (wind buffeting, motogp aerodynamics, ...) and more!

For more information, visit www.airshaper.com

Race Talk with MV Agusta - Top Aerodynamic Priorities for moto GP bikes

Other parts of this interview:
- Part 1 - Ferrari 458 to Lightyear One: https://youtu.be/o4Yv5hynV1Q
- Part 2 - Lightyear One Solar Car: https://youtu.be/TKHjyC_L0OM
- Part 3 - Autonomous Vehicle Design: https://youtu.be/xw-B_yTU4mY

The Italian company Dallara has been building race cars for decades, like the IndyCar IR18, the Formula 3 F3 2019 and the Formula E gen1 and gen2. The founder of Dallara, Giampolo Dallara, has long dreamed of building their own road car and now it's finally there: the Dallara Stradale (Stradale means "road-going"). It has been featured on Top Gear, driven by Chris Harris!

Lowie Vermeersch & Granstudio have once again applied their magic to merge high-performance aerodynamics with pleasing aesthetics. And this video also covers his take on the future of sports cars and their place in our (possibly autonomous) future.

Dallara are super experts in aerodynamics. Still, through the interaction with Granstudio, some aspects of the aerodynamics were changed. The essence of this car is the combination of low weight and aerodynamics. The car creates a lot of vertical pressure, pushing the car against the ground. As it weighs just 800kg, there's not a lot of force wanting to push it out of the corner and thus the relative importance of aerodynamics (and the increase in normal pressure/friction on the tires it provides) makes the car go a lot faster through the corners. The speeds are so high that your mind thinks it's not possible. It creates so much downforce that it could almost drive upside down: the car weighs 850kg and it creates around 820kg of downforce!

But will pure sports cars still be relevant in the future, when we're all driving around in autonomous vehicles? The future that Lowie & Dallara see is the following:

We'll need to move ourselves in much more efficient ways (shared vehicles, ...) to help society. We'll need to take a bit of individuality out of our daily movements.

On the other hand, it's important to leave room for the Homo Ludens, the playful person, to satisfy what Lowie calls "the pleasure principle":
no plan for society will work if it asks us to act according to numbers.

They like to see a future where during the day you move yourself using public transport, shared vehicles and perhaps your own efficient car. And then you go to the track to use (not own) a race car to get that very physical special experience. That's the place they see for a vehicle like the Dallara Stradale in a multi mobility society.

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The AirShaper videos cover the basics of aerodynamics (aerodynamic drag, drag & lift coefficients, boundary layer theory, flow separation, reynolds number...), simulation aspects (computational fluid dynamics, CFD meshing, ...) and aerodynamic testing (wind tunnel testing, flow visualization, ...).

We then use those basics to explain the aerodynamics of (race) cars (aerodynamic efficiency of electric vehicles, aerodynamic drag, downforce, aero maps, formula one aerodynamics, ...), drones and airplanes (propellers, airfoils, electric aviation, eVTOLS, ...), motorcycles (wind buffeting, motogp aerodynamics, ...) and more!

For more information, visit www.airshaper.com

Lowie Vermeersch talks #4 - The Dallara Stradale

Other parts of this interview:
- Part 1 - Ferrari 458 to Lightyear One: https://youtu.be/o4Yv5hynV1Q
- Part 2 - Lightyear One Solar Car: https://youtu.be/TKHjyC_L0OM
- Part 4 - The Dallara Stradale: https://youtu.be/c7NyvCluYVc

In this 3rd part of our video with Lowie Vermeersch, we're looking at the future of autonomous vehicle design and how aerodynamics will play a role in this!

Lowie Vermeersch questions whether aerodynamics will impact autonomous vehicles or vice versa. The general aspect is that the future needs to move towards higher efficiency to become sustainable and to lower the cost of use.

To provide access to electric cars for many people, the cost still needs to come down. Higher efficiency can further reduce the size & cost of the battery. Aerodynamics is a big part of this efficiency.

This applies to both autonomous & privately owned cars, which will for a long time not look very different. Despite nice concept cars, which are marketing tools to enrich a brands value, actual production cars are always tailored to the human body and physical needs/constraints.

Current car design & layout are determined by drive train layout, fashion, and to a large extent the fundamental functions of a car. That's why a Tesla Model 3 doesn't look too different from other cars. It's largely determined by where the people sit, where they sit compared to the wheels, how you build the cabin around them and so on. So Lowie doesn't see it happening that autonomous cars will look entirely different.

That could happen when we reach totally different laws for autonomous cars (level 5). The visibility you need now is more or less defined by the position of the A-pillar. If you can change that, you can change the design in a more fundamental way and move towards more mono volume shapes.

Vehicle safety is also a big aspect: full active safety will change the structure of a car, which is now strongly determined by passive safety. Lowie Vermeersch did a study at Pininfarina in 2006 forecasting this (the Pininfarina Sintesi Concept Car): the moment that digital systems allow for full active safety (not like the passive safety of today, which is designed to allow cars to crash well) to avoid crashes, then you can get rid of the built-in passive safety.

With fully proven active safety, you can make cars much lighter. This can have a much bigger impact on the layout of the car, as many aspects of the current layout are determined by safety.

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The AirShaper videos cover the basics of aerodynamics (aerodynamic drag, drag & lift coefficients, boundary layer theory, flow separation, reynolds number...), simulation aspects (computational fluid dynamics, CFD meshing, ...) and aerodynamic testing (wind tunnel testing, flow visualization, ...).

We then use those basics to explain the aerodynamics of (race) cars (aerodynamic efficiency of electric vehicles, aerodynamic drag, downforce, aero maps, formula one aerodynamics, ...), drones and airplanes (propellers, airfoils, electric aviation, eVTOLS, ...), motorcycles (wind buffeting, motogp aerodynamics, ...) and more!

For more information, visit www.airshaper.com

Lowie Vermeersch Talks #3 - Autonomous Vehicle Design

Other parts of this interview:
- Part 1 - Ferrari 458 to Lightyear One: https://youtu.be/o4Yv5hynV1Q
- Part 3 - Autonomous Vehicle Design: https://youtu.be/xw-B_yTU4mY
- Part 4 - The Dallara Stradale: https://youtu.be/c7NyvCluYVc

Lowie Vermeersch is a famous Belgian Car Designer.
In this second part of the interview, we cover the Lightyear One: the hyper-innovative solar-powered electric car.

Just imagine how difficult it must have been to go from the proportions of a solar-powered prototype racer, all the way to an aesthetically pleasing & technically impressive production car. Here's how they were involved from the first sketches to the final production car.

White sheet of paper
They started with some of the work & research that the team of Lightyear had done. They have a lot of expertise in solar power systems & efficient drive trains. When they started developing the packaging, the proportions, the length/width/height, aerodynamics were really on the plate. An additional requirement was 5m² of solar cell surface. And of course good ergonomics & aesthetics.

Monovolume
Solar race cars typically have a teardrop, monovolume shape. That didn't work for the production, because the visibility lines dictate a huge windshield. This resulted in 3 disadvantages:
- Glass is very heavy
- Less room for solar cells
- Greenhouse effect - the inside of the car heats up. Cooling would require extra energy

Camera's instead of mirrors
The Lightyear One solar-powered car has been fitted with camera's instead of mirrors to further reduce aerodynamic drag. In this case, the camera supports actually improve the aerodynamics.

Covered rear wheel
This was a no-compromise car and covering the rear wheel again helped to reduce the drag. The black stripe around it avoids the visual impression that the car is dragging itself. Together with the strong shoulder, you have an aesthetically pleasing result without compromising aerodynamics.

Wind tunnel testing
The results were record breaking: a drag coefficient Cd of less than 0.20 is the best drag coefficient for a car in this class.

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The AirShaper videos cover the basics of aerodynamics (aerodynamic drag, drag & lift coefficients, boundary layer theory, flow separation, reynolds number...), simulation aspects (computational fluid dynamics, CFD meshing, ...) and aerodynamic testing (wind tunnel testing, flow visualization, ...).
We then use those basics to explain the aerodynamics of (race) cars (aerodynamic efficiency of electric vehicles, aerodynamic drag, downforce, aero maps, formula one aerodynamics, ...), drones and airplanes (propellers, airfoils, electric aviation, eVTOLS, ...), motorcycles (wind buffeting, motogp aerodynamics, ...) and more!

For more information, visit www.airshaper.com

Lowie Vermeersch #2 - The Lightyear One Solar Car

Other parts of this interview:
- Part 2 - Lightyear One Solar Car: https://youtu.be/TKHjyC_L0OM
- Part 3 - Autonomous Vehicle Design: https://youtu.be/xw-B_yTU4mY
- Part 4 - The Dallara Stradale: https://youtu.be/c7NyvCluYVc

Lowie Vermeersch is a famous Belgian Car Designer.
In this first part of the interview, we walk through his career: starting at the TUDelft in Holland all the way to running his own design studio Granstudio in Turin, the heart of the Italian Car Design Industry.

He has the unique skill to design pure, timeless & elegant cars without any form of machoism.
At Pininfarina, he designed the legendary Ferrari 458, an extremely beautiful, legendary sports car. At his own design studio, they worked on a.o. cars like the Dallara Stradale and the Lightyear One solar-powered car.

Lowie likes to talk about aerodynamics: it's an aspect that is often not highlighted when they present their designs, even though it's a very fundamental aspect, for vehicle design as a whole. This links back to his studies at the TUDelft, the Dutch University famous for its expertise in aerodynamics. There, he studied material science, physics, ... which has provided him with a holistic take on car design, which still typifies him as a designer today.

Lowie Vermeersch comes from an artist family (sculptors, painters, ...) and perhaps this has been part of the reason for his desire to have an independent position. He had been fascinated by the independent Italian Car Design studios and went on to do his internship and later work at Pininfarina. A combination of hard work, some merit, some luck, being the right guy at the right moment, allowed him to do great things there. He became responsible for design for the entire studio.

He later founded Gran Studio, where they are capable of working on anything that you can see with the naked eye. They have worked on cars like the Dallara Stradale and the Lightyear One solar-powered car, next to other projects in the broader mobility scene.

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The AirShaper videos cover the basics of aerodynamics (aerodynamic drag, drag & lift coefficients, boundary layer theory, flow separation, reynolds number...), simulation aspects (computational fluid dynamics, CFD meshing, ...) and aerodynamic testing (wind tunnel testing, flow visualization, ...).

We then use those basics to explain the aerodynamics of (race) cars (aerodynamic efficiency of electric vehicles, aerodynamic drag, downforce, aero maps, formula one aerodynamics, ...), drones and airplanes (propellers, airfoils, electric aviation, eVTOLS, ...), motorcycles (wind buffeting, motogp aerodynamics, ...) and more!

For more information, visit www.airshaper.com

Lowie Vermeersch #1 -  Ferrari 458 to Lightyear One

For more on AIRBUS:
- Part 1 - Aviation challenges: https://youtu.be/IgowvQZ3JtE
- Part 2 - Aircraft design tools: https://youtu.be/G60rTDR6CPw
- Part 3 - America's Cup Aerodynamics (1/2): https://youtu.be/ZcD9iA9DPrI


In this 4th & final video in the series AIRBUS talks, we continue our discussion on the aerodynamics of the America's Cup and we get insights into their involvement for the 36th edition, where they will support team American Magic.


Simulations instead of physical testing
Due to technical restrictions, it is forbidden to perform wind tunnel or water channel tests. So aerodynamic analysis & optimization is performed through simulations. This can be very costly when the geometry is complex or difficult to mesh, and very powerful high performance computers are required to perform the simulations. And then, many different set points need to be analyzed.


Velocity Performance Prediction
The output of such simulations was used in the Velocity Performance Prediction program: there they can simulate the performance of the boat using the aerodynamic coefficients. That is why they need as many details on the performance of the boat as possible. This approach is very comparable to laptime simulation programs used in Formula One and other racing series.


Interaction between the sails and the boat
One of the problems they found was the detached flow in the interaction between the main sail and the platform of the boat. This detached flow needed to be reduced. The platform acts like a wing tip for the bottom of the main sail, which in theory reduces the wing tip vortex. However, due to the complex flow over the platform and the sail, the wing tip is not so strong and detached flow at the root is a larger problem.


American Magic
Team New Zealand won the previous edition of the America's Cup (35th edition) and it's the winning team that get's to choose the design of the boat for the next edition. They decided to continue with the foils, but changed from a catamaran to monocoque layout of the boat. This is fascinating because this boat design could make the boats pass the magical 50 knots speed barrier. At those speeds, cavitation effects on the foils under water start playing a role.


Strict protocol
Teams are not allowed to inject a gas lighter than air inside the boat to lift the boat from the water. All the crew should also be human (no robots yet!)


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The AirShaper videos cover the basics of aerodynamics (aerodynamic drag, drag & lift coefficients, boundary layer theory, flow separation, reynolds number...), simulation aspects (computational fluid dynamics, CFD meshing, ...) and aerodynamic testing (wind tunnel testing, flow visualization, ...).

We then use those basics to explain the aerodynamics of (race) cars (aerodynamic efficiency of electric vehicles, aerodynamic drag, downforce, aero maps, formula one aerodynamics, ...), drones and airplanes (propellers, airfoils, electric aviation, eVTOLS, ...), motorcycles (wind buffeting, motogp aerodynamics, ...) and more!

For more information, visit www.airshaper.com

AIRBUS talks part 4 of 4 - America's Cup Aerodynamics - PART 2

For more on AIRBUS:
- Part 1 - Aviation challenges: https://youtu.be/IgowvQZ3JtE
- Part 2 - Aircraft design tools: https://youtu.be/G60rTDR6CPw
- Part 4 - America's Cup Aerodynamics (2/2): https://youtu.be/AdGuENBuZ-Y

In this third video in our series AIRBUS talks, we take a look at the aerodynamics of the America’s Cup boats.

History of the America’s Cup
The America’s Cup is the oldest sports competition in the world. The original race was between British & American ships, sailing around the Isle of Wight. The technology level is on par with Formula 1 and budgets are equally high.
In the last 3 America’s Cup, the contenders have used the foils to carry & lift the boat out of the water. Once the boat is lifted from the sea, it wins a lot of speed and aerodynamics become more important. Not just for the sails, but also for the entire platform:
- Detached flow from the crew
- Flow over cavities
AIRBUS can inject their expertise in these domains.

New challenges
With the hull coming out of the water, it becomes a relevant & active aerodynamic part. The biggest challenges AIRBUS had been to reduce the drag of the trampoline (which the crew uses to cross sides). Another challenge was to compare the drag of different hull shapes and crew positions.
Also, the interaction between components is very relevant. The front & rear beam connecting the left & right hull play a large role for the aerodynamics. They even apply vortex generators to reduce the drag!

Stay tuned for the fourth and last video, where we'll discuss the upcoming 36th edition of the America’s Cup!


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The AirShaper videos cover the basics of aerodynamics (aerodynamic drag, drag & lift coefficients, boundary layer theory, flow separation, reynolds number...), simulation aspects (computational fluid dynamics, CFD meshing, ...) and aerodynamic testing (wind tunnel testing, flow visualization, ...).

We then use those basics to explain the aerodynamics of (race) cars (aerodynamic efficiency of electric vehicles, aerodynamic drag, downforce, aero maps, formula one aerodynamics, ...), drones and airplanes (propellers, airfoils, electric aviation, eVTOLS, ...), motorcycles (wind buffeting, motogp aerodynamics, ...) and more!

For more information, visit www.airshaper.com

AIRBUS talks part 3 of 4  - America's Cup Aerodynamics

For more on airplane aerodynamics:
Peugeot designer's vision on aircraft design: https://youtu.be/RLHMN7B0ax8
Airplane aerodynamics explained: https://youtu.be/2W5Q2mllmxI
Glider plane aerodynamics: https://youtu.be/0jOAAZOvSuM

Air Race E is like nascar racing in the sky:
Electric planes racing at speeds of 300MPH around an oval track just 10 meters above the ground!

In this interview with Izan of Air Race E, we discuss how electric plane design is changing air racing and aviation as a whole:

Concept
Air Race E is a new class of motorsport based on electric aircraft. The format is similar to Nascar, with 8 airplanes racing in an oval circuit 10 meters above the ground. High-speed intense motorsport.

Airplane Design
- The front end of the aircraft
The electric powertrain is a lot more compact and this allows for a more compact nose cone. Also, no air intakes are present, making it more streamlined.
- Propeller layout
Regulations will be opened up from single-axis propellers to distributed electric propulsion. This is a hot topic in the urban mobility movement with companies like Joby Aviation, Uber Air, Lilium, CityAIRBUS and many others.
Distributed power along the wing becomes possible. Or putting the rotors at the wingtips to counteract the wingtip vortices & increase efficiency.
- Battery distribution
These can be located in the wing, tail, nose, ... the distributed weight allows for new architectures as well.
- Part count
There is a large reduction in part count & operational cost per flight hour compared to traditional fossil fuel

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The AirShaper videos cover the basics of aerodynamics (aerodynamic drag, drag & lift coefficients, boundary layer theory, flow separation, reynolds number...), simulation aspects (computational fluid dynamics, CFD meshing, ...) and aerodynamic testing (wind tunnel testing, flow visualization, ...).

We then use those basics to explain the aerodynamics of (race) cars (aerodynamic efficiency of electric vehicles, aerodynamic drag, downforce, aero maps, formula one aerodynamics, ...), drones and airplanes (propellers, airfoils, electric aviation, eVTOLS, ...), motorcycles (wind buffeting, motogp aerodynamics, ...) and more!

For more information, visit www.airshaper.com

Our Latest Videos Gain aerodynamic insight by watching our videos

Race Talk with MV Agusta - How to Improve Moto GP Aerodynamics

Race Talk with MV Agusta - Top Aerodynamic Priorities for moto GP bikes

Lowie Vermeersch talks #4 - The Dallara Stradale

Lowie Vermeersch Talks #3 - Autonomous Vehicle Design

Lowie Vermeersch #2 - The Lightyear One Solar Car

Lowie Vermeersch #1 - Ferrari 458 to Lightyear One

AIRBUS talks part 4 of 4 - America's Cup Aerodynamics - PART 2

AIRBUS talks part 3 of 4 - America's Cup Aerodynamics

Nascar in the Sky - Interview with Air Race E

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